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    AHK-CU

    Molecular Formula：CA16HA28CuNA6OA4；CAS：custom synthetic peptide (no public commercial CAS)
    Basic Property：Sequence‑optimized copper‑binding tripeptide analogue developed for advanced anti‑aging skincare and scalp care research.
    Structural Modification：Amino acid sequence optimization enhances copper chelating stability and antioxidant persistence compared with GHK‑Cu.
    Dosage Forms：Powder raw material for external skincare and hair‑care formula preparation and in‑vitro cell assays.
    Indications：Research on fine line fading, scalp micro‑inflammation alleviation and auxiliary anti‑hair loss formulation development.
    Pharmacological Mechanism：Removes reactive oxygen species in dermis, stabilizes extracellular matrix structure and reduces inflammatory damage to hair follicle microenvironment.
    Safety & Adverse Reactions：Low skin irritation at cosmetic dosage; occasional mild redness for extremely sensitive skin after patch testing with high concentration.

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    TGF-DES
    Molecular Note：engineered transforming growth factor‑β variant；CAS：proprietary recombinant peptide Basic Property：Designed TGF‑β subtype for preclinical fibrotic repair and soft‑tissue remodeling research. Structural Modification：Site mutation adjusts receptor affinity to balance collagen synthesis and anti‑fibrotic effects. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized recombinant powder for animal local injection and cell experiment research. Indications：Preclinical research on tendon fibrosis repair, skin scar remodeling and connective tissue reconstruction. Pharmacological Mechanism：Modulates fibroblast collagen secretion ratio to reduce rigid scar tissue and rebuild ordered connective tissue structure. Safety & Adverse Reactions：High‑dose local use may induce excessive fibrosis; dosage gradient control is mandatory in animal experiments.

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    GDF-8
    Molecular Note：recombinant growth differentiation factor 8 protein；CAS：proprietary recombinant protein Basic Property：Endogenous negative regulator of muscle growth, recombinant protein reagent for cell‑level mechanism research. Structural Modification：Mature dimer protein structure binds activin receptor to transmit muscle‑growth inhibitory signals. Dosage Forms：Purified recombinant protein powder for in‑vitro cell culture experiments only. Indications：Laboratory mechanism research of muscle atrophy, sarcopenia and muscle growth regulation pathways. Pharmacological Mechanism：Activates intracellular Smad signaling pathway to inhibit muscle satellite cell proliferation and restrict muscle hypertrophy. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Pure experimental reagent without in‑vivo injection application; cell‑level dosage strictly controlled to avoid abnormal differentiation.

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    FST 334
    Molecular Note：recombinant protein fragment；CAS：proprietary recombinant raw material Basic Property：Short‑chain follistatin isoform for preclinical muscle hyperplasia and metabolism research. Structural Modification：Truncated protein structure retains core GDF‑8 binding domain for targeted blocking effect. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized recombinant powder for animal injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on muscle mass increment and muscular dystrophy auxiliary intervention. Pharmacological Mechanism：Specifically binds and neutralizes endogenous GDF‑8 (myostatin) to relieve inhibition of muscle growth. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Excessive muscle thickening and tendon mechanical imbalance observed in high‑dose animal cohorts; human clinical safety unproven.

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    PEG MGF
    Molecular Note：PEGylated modified MGF conjugate；CAS：PEG‑modified proprietary peptide Basic Property：Polyethylene glycol conjugated MGF derivative for prolonged‑action muscle repair preclinical research. Structural Modification：PEG covalent modification reduces renal clearance rate and extends circulation half‑life of native MGF. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized PEGylated powder for animal injection research only. Indications：Long‑acting preclinical research on delayed muscle recovery after strenuous exercise. Pharmacological Mechanism：Retains MGF satellite‑cell recruiting effect with longer action window to sustain muscle repair after single dosing. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Occasional mild local inflammatory reaction caused by PEG carrier; no severe systemic toxicity in short‑term animal studies.

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    MGF
    Molecular Note：splicing variant of IGF‑1, peptide fragment；CAS：recombinant proprietary Basic Property：Muscle‑specific splice variant of IGF‑1, research‑only peptide for mechanical injury repair mechanism study. Structural Modification：Unique C‑terminal splicing sequence enables preferential targeting of mechanically damaged muscle tissue. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for local intramuscular injection in animal trials. Indications：Preclinical research on exercise‑induced muscle injury repair and muscle fiber reconstruction. Pharmacological Mechanism：Recruits resting muscle satellite cells to injury sites and accelerates damaged muscle fiber regeneration. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Local muscle soreness after intramuscular injection; systemic endocrine disturbance is rarely observed under local administration.

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    IGF-1 LR3
    Molecular Formula：recombinant modified protein；CAS：proprietary recombinant peptide Basic Property：Long‑arginine modified insulin‑like growth factor‑1 analogue exclusive for laboratory animal research. Structural Modification：Arg substitution at position 3 removes IGFBP binding site, greatly prolongs plasma half‑life compared with native IGF‑1. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized recombinant protein powder for animal subcutaneous injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on muscle hypertrophy, muscle injury repair and skeletal muscle metabolism regulation. Pharmacological Mechanism：Activates IGF‑1 receptor on muscle satellite cells to promote muscle cell proliferation and post‑injury regeneration. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Potential hypoglycemia risk in high‑dose animal experiments; long‑term use carries theoretical abnormal cell proliferation risk.

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    Tesamorelin
    Molecular Formula：CA221HA366NA72OA67S；CAS：218949‑48‑7 Basic Property：Trans‑3‑hexenoic acid modified GHRH analogue, clinical approved for HIV‑related lipodystrophy and available as research powder. Structural Modification：N‑terminal fatty acid modification enhances protease resistance and prolongs pituitary acting time. Dosage Forms：Clinical subcutaneous injection for licensed indications; bulk lyophilized powder for preclinical endocrine research. Indications：Approved for visceral fat reduction in HIV‑associated lipodystrophy; research use for endocrine metabolic regulation. Pharmacological Mechanism：Stimulates physiological endogenous GH secretion, accelerates visceral lipolysis and improves abnormal fat redistribution. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Mild injection‑site pruritus and arthralgia; contraindicated for patients with active malignant tumor history.

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    Sermorelin
    Molecular Formula：CA149HA246NA44OA42S；CAS：86168‑78‑7 Basic Property：Synthetic growth hormone‑releasing hormone fragment peptide, research‑grade raw material for endocrine regulation experiments. Structural Modification：Truncated sequence of endogenous GHRH retains receptor‑binding domain with shorter half‑life for controllable stimulation effect. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal subcutaneous injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on growth hormone secretion regulation, sleep quality improvement and lean mass maintenance. Pharmacological Mechanism：Binds pituitary GHRH receptors to stimulate endogenous physiological GH release instead of direct exogenous GH supplementation. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Transient facial flushing and mild headache in animal trials; long‑term repeated use may disrupt pituitary hormone rhythm.

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    CBL-514
    Molecular Formula：proprietary lipopeptide，CAS：proprietary undisclosed for R&D stage Basic Property：Novel synthetic lipopeptide in preclinical development for localized fat remodeling and cellulite improvement research. Structural Modification：Lipophilic side‑chain modification improves subcutaneous tissue penetration and targeted action on superficial adipose compartments. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal local injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on cellulite improvement and regional subcutaneous fat reshaping. Pharmacological Mechanism：Modulates adipocyte extracellular matrix structure, reduces fibrous septum tension of cellulite and promotes uniform fat distribution. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Local tenderness and mild edema in animal injection areas; systemic organ toxicity is not observed at experimental doses.

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    Semaglutide
    Molecular Formula：C187H291N45O59；CAS：910463‑68‑2 Basic Property: Semaglutide is a long‑acting GLP‑1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, classified as a modified peptide therapeutic supplied as research‑grade raw powder. Structural Modification: Three targeted modifications are adopted: position‑8 alanine replaced by α‑aminoisobutyric acid to resist DPP‑4 enzymatic degradation; position‑34 lysine substituted with arginine; position‑26 lysine conjugated with an 18‑carbon fatty diacid side chain via hydrophilic spacer for reversible albumin binding, extending serum half‑life to approximately 7 days. Dosage Forms: Two marketed dosage forms are available: once‑weekly subcutaneous injection (Ozempic, Wegovy) and once‑daily oral tablet (Rybelsus); raw powder is intended for laboratory research only. Indications: Licensed indications include glycemic control for adult type‑2 diabetes mellitus, chronic weight management for obese/overweight adults, and reduction of major adverse cardiov

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    Tirzepatide
    Molecular Formula：C225H348N48O68；CAS：2237882‑86‑7 Basic Property: Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP‑1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly, supplied as clinical injectable formulation and research‑grade lyophilized powder. Structural Modification: Altered amino‑acid sequence confers dual‑receptor affinity; C‑terminal fatty acid acylation achieves albumin binding and a 5‑day half‑life for once‑weekly dosing; structural mutation improves resistance to endogenous peptidase degradation. Dosage Forms: Once‑weekly subcutaneous prefilled injection pens (Mounjaro, Zepbound); bulk lyophilized powder exclusively for laboratory research. Indications: Approved for adult type‑2 diabetes treatment and chronic weight management for patients with BMI ≥30 or BMI≥27 accompanied by metabolic comorbidities. Pharmacological Mechanism: Co‑activates GIP and GLP‑1 pathways to improve insulin sensitivity, suppress appetite synergistically, reduce visceral adipose mass and ameliorate systemic insulin resistance.

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    Retatrutide
    Molecular Formula：C237H362N52O71；CAS：2448063‑10‑7 Basic Property: Retatrutide is a triple‑target agonist (GLP‑1R/GIPR/GCGR) in phase‑3 clinical trials, available only as research‑grade raw peptide currently. Structural Modification: Optimized peptide backbone enables simultaneous binding to three metabolic receptors; fatty‑acid side‑chain acylation prolongs half‑life for once‑weekly subcutaneous administration; site‑directed mutation prevents rapid protease hydrolysis. Dosage Forms: Preclinical injectable solution and lyophilized bulk powder for research use only. Indications: Investigational indication for severe adult obesity and metabolic‑associated fatty liver disease. Pharmacological Mechanism: GLP‑1/GIP signals suppress appetite and optimize glucose homeostasis; glucagon receptor activation boosts brown fat thermogenesis and whole‑body fat oxidation to deliver superior weight‑loss efficacy. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Main adverse reactions are mild transient gastrointestinal sym

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    HGH
    Molecular Note：Recombinant single‑chain polypeptide hormone, 191 amino acid residues；CAS：12629‑01‑5 Basic Property：Recombinant endogenous pituitary‑derived hormone, lyophilized powder exclusively for preclinical endocrine and body composition research. Structural Modification：Natural disulfide‑bond folded spatial structure ensures specific binding to hepatic growth hormone receptors. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized recombinant powder for animal subcutaneous injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on childhood growth retardation, lean mass accumulation, fat metabolism regulation and anti‑aging mechanism. Pharmacological Mechanism：Combines hepatic GH receptors to induce IGF‑1 secretion, promotes chondrocyte proliferation and lipolysis of adipose tissue. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Excessive dosage may cause acromegaly, joint swelling and hyperglycemia in animal models; long‑term tumorigenic risk remains under observation.

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    BPC 157
    Molecular Formula：CA62HA99NA15OA22；CAS：137525‑51‑0 Basic Property：Synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric juice tissue extract, supplied exclusively as research‑grade lyophilized powder for preclinical tissue repair experiments. Structural Modification：Cyclic peptide structure improves protease resistance, prolongs local tissue residence time and avoids rapid metabolic clearance after subcutaneous administration. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for subcutaneous / intraperitoneal injection in animal trials; no approved human finished pharmaceutical products. Indications：Preclinical research on tendon injury, gastrointestinal mucosal injury, joint synovitis, muscle strain and postoperative soft‑tissue repair. Pharmacological Mechanism：Promotes angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation, inhibits local inflammatory cytokines, protects gastrointestinal mucosal barrier and accelerates wound healing with less scar formation. Safety & Adverse Reactions：No obvious systemic toxicit

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    TB500
    Molecular Formula：CA212HA350NA56OA78S；CAS：77591‑53‑8（acetate salt） Basic Property：Acetylated synthetic analogue of Thymosin Beta‑4, research‑only peptide for sports injury rehabilitation mechanism study. Structural Modification：Acetylation modification elevates aqueous solubility and enzymatic stability in plasma, extends circulation half‑life compared with native thymosin β4. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal subcutaneous injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on ligament sprain, muscle tear, corneal injury and chronic inflammatory soft‑tissue repair. Pharmacological Mechanism：Regulates actin polymerization, stimulates microvascular regeneration, reduces fibrotic scar tissue and relieves chronic local inflammation. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Individual experimental animals show transient drowsiness after injection; long‑term proliferative safety for human application has not been clinically verified.

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    GHK-CU
    Molecular Formula：CA14HA24CuNA6OA4；CAS：89030‑95‑5 Basic Property：Endogenous copper‑chelated tripeptide, mainstream cosmetic raw material for anti‑aging and skin repair formulation R&D. Structural Modification：Glycyl‑L‑histidyl‑L‑lysine forms stable coordination bonds with cupric ions to strengthen antioxidant stability in skincare systems. Dosage Forms：Solid powder for external skincare essence, mask and topical cell experiments; not for injection in unapproved scenarios. Indications：Cosmetic anti‑wrinkle, post‑inflammatory skin repair, scalp micro‑inflammation relief and follicle vitality maintenance research. Pharmacological Mechanism：Scavenges skin free radicals, stimulates dermal collagen synthesis, balances matrix metalloproteinase activity and improves skin elasticity. Safety & Adverse Reactions：High‑concentration topical use may trigger mild pruritus on sensitive skin; percutaneous absorption leads to negligible systemic toxicity.

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    MOTS-c
    Molecular Formula：CA14HA24CuNA6OA4；CAS：89030‑95‑5 Basic Property：Endogenous copper‑chelated tripeptide, mainstream cosmetic raw material for anti‑aging and skin repair formulation R&D. Structural Modification：Glycyl‑L‑histidyl‑L‑lysine forms stable coordination bonds with cupric ions to strengthen antioxidant stability in skincare systems. Dosage Forms：Solid powder for external skincare essence, mask and topical cell experiments; not for injection in unapproved scenarios. Indications：Cosmetic anti‑wrinkle, post‑inflammatory skin repair, scalp micro‑inflammation relief and follicle vitality maintenance research. Pharmacological Mechanism：Scavenges skin free radicals, stimulates dermal collagen synthesis, balances matrix metalloproteinase activity and improves skin elasticity. Safety & Adverse Reactions：High‑concentration topical use may trigger mild pruritus on sensitive skin; percutaneous absorption leads to negligible systemic toxicity.

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    Semaglutide
    Molecular Formula：C187H291N45O59；CAS：910463‑68‑2 Basic Property: Semaglutide is a long‑acting GLP‑1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, classified as a modified peptide therapeutic supplied as research‑grade raw powder. Structural Modification: Three targeted modifications are adopted: position‑8 alanine replaced by α‑aminoisobutyric acid to resist DPP‑4 enzymatic degradation; position‑34 lysine substituted with arginine; position‑26 lysine conjugated with an 18‑carbon fatty diacid side chain via hydrophilic spacer for reversible albumin binding, extending serum half‑life to approximately 7 days. Dosage Forms: Two marketed dosage forms are available: once‑weekly subcutaneous injection (Ozempic, Wegovy) and once‑daily oral tablet (Rybelsus); raw powder is intended for laboratory research only. Indications: Licensed indications include glycemic control for adult type‑2 diabetes mellitus, chronic weight management for obese/overweight adults, and reduction of major adverse cardiov

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    Tirzepatide
    Molecular Formula：C225H348N48O68；CAS：2237882‑86‑7 Basic Property: Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP‑1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly, supplied as clinical injectable formulation and research‑grade lyophilized powder. Structural Modification: Altered amino‑acid sequence confers dual‑receptor affinity; C‑terminal fatty acid acylation achieves albumin binding and a 5‑day half‑life for once‑weekly dosing; structural mutation improves resistance to endogenous peptidase degradation. Dosage Forms: Once‑weekly subcutaneous prefilled injection pens (Mounjaro, Zepbound); bulk lyophilized powder exclusively for laboratory research. Indications: Approved for adult type‑2 diabetes treatment and chronic weight management for patients with BMI ≥30 or BMI≥27 accompanied by metabolic comorbidities. Pharmacological Mechanism: Co‑activates GIP and GLP‑1 pathways to improve insulin sensitivity, suppress appetite synergistically, reduce visceral adipose mass and ameliorate systemic insulin resistance.

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    Retatrutide
    Molecular Formula：C237H362N52O71；CAS：2448063‑10‑7 Basic Property: Retatrutide is a triple‑target agonist (GLP‑1R/GIPR/GCGR) in phase‑3 clinical trials, available only as research‑grade raw peptide currently. Structural Modification: Optimized peptide backbone enables simultaneous binding to three metabolic receptors; fatty‑acid side‑chain acylation prolongs half‑life for once‑weekly subcutaneous administration; site‑directed mutation prevents rapid protease hydrolysis. Dosage Forms: Preclinical injectable solution and lyophilized bulk powder for research use only. Indications: Investigational indication for severe adult obesity and metabolic‑associated fatty liver disease. Pharmacological Mechanism: GLP‑1/GIP signals suppress appetite and optimize glucose homeostasis; glucagon receptor activation boosts brown fat thermogenesis and whole‑body fat oxidation to deliver superior weight‑loss efficacy. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Main adverse reactions are mild transient gastrointestinal sym

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    Mazdutide
    Molecular Formula：C221H344N48O67；CAS：2757233‑87‑1 Basic Property: Mazdutide is a domestic dual GLP‑1/GIP agonist independently developed by Innovent Biologics, now in late‑stage phase‑3 clinical trials in China. Structural Modification: Sequence optimization strengthens dual‑receptor binding affinity; fatty‑chain acylation achieves albumin anchoring and weekly administration frequency with improved peptidase stability. Dosage Forms: Clinical trial injectable formulation and research‑use lyophilized powder. Indications: Investigational indications include abdominal obesity, type‑2 diabetes and metabolic‑associated steatohepatitis. Pharmacological Mechanism: Dual‑pathway hormone regulation reduces waist circumference, inhibits hepatic lipid accumulation and improves peripheral insulin sensitivity alongside weight reduction. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Dose‑related nausea and vomiting are the primary adverse events; most symptoms resolve spontaneously after slow dose titration; no severe

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    Survodutide
    Molecular Formula：C210H324N46O64；CAS：2648339‑10‑8 Basic Property: Survodutide is a long‑acting GLP‑1/glucagon dual agonist in phase‑2 clinical research, distributed as research‑grade raw peptide powder. Structural Modification: Acylated side‑chain modification extends half‑life for weekly injection; engineered peptide structure balances the activation intensity of GLP‑1 and glucagon receptors. Dosage Forms: Preclinical subcutaneous injection solution and bulk lyophilized powder for laboratory research only. Indications: Investigational indication for obesity treatment with emphasis on long‑term weight rebound prevention. Pharmacological Mechanism: GLP‑1‑mediated appetite suppression pairs with glucagon‑triggered thermogenesis to sustain fat loss, preserve resting metabolic rate and reduce post‑withdrawal weight rebound. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Mild gastrointestinal reactions and temporary insomnia are reported in small cohorts; hepatic and renal function remain stable under short‑t

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    Liraglutide
    Molecular Formula：C172H268N44O47；CAS：204656‑20‑2 Basic Property: Liraglutide is a daily‑dose GLP‑1 analogue launched by Novo Nordisk, offered as injectable pharmaceutical finished product and research‑use raw peptide. Structural Modification: A palmitic acid fatty chain is covalently attached to the lysine residue of native GLP‑1, enabling reversible albumin binding to prolong half‑life to 13 hours and avoid rapid DPP‑4 cleavage. Dosage Forms: Subcutaneous daily injection for clinical application; lyophilized powder for preclinical laboratory testing. Indications: Approved for type‑2 diabetes glycemic regulation and moderate obesity weight management in adults. Pharmacological Mechanism: Promotes glucose‑triggered insulin secretion, inhibits fasting glucagon secretion, prolongs gastric emptying time and enhances post‑meal satiety to achieve steady weight loss. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Common mild adverse reactions are early‑stage nausea and abdominal distension which gradually relie

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    Dulaglutide
    Molecular Note: Fc‑fusion protein without small‑molecule molecular formula；CAS：923950‑08‑7 Basic Property: Dulaglutide is a recombinant fusion protein GLP‑1 agonist developed by Eli Lilly, designed for long‑term diabetic metabolic management. Structural Modification: Two DPP‑4‑resistant GLP‑1 analogues are covalently fused to human IgG4 Fc fragment; the Fc domain prolongs systemic half‑life to nearly 5 days via recycling through neonatal Fc receptor. Dosage Forms: Prefilled pen for once‑weekly subcutaneous injection; purified protein powder reserved for research experiments. Indications: Indicated for blood glucose control in adult type‑2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Pharmacological Mechanism: Regulates islet hormone secretion in a glucose‑dependent pattern, slows intestinal nutrient absorption and lowers long‑term fasting blood glucose fluctuation, with mild auxiliary weight‑loss effect. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Mild gastrointestinal discomfort (diarrhea, dy

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    Cagrilintide
    Molecular Formula：C215H347N61O63S3；CAS：1415456‑99‑3 Basic Property: Cagrilintide is a long‑acting acylated amylin analogue developed for obesity combination therapy, supplied as research‑use raw peptide. Structural Modification: Multiple amino‑acid substitutions enhance receptor affinity; fatty acid acylation prolongs circulation half‑life to support weekly dosing and resist endogenous peptidase degradation. Dosage Forms: Subcutaneous injection solution for combination clinical trials and lyophilized powder for preclinical research. Indications: Investigational indication for refractory obesity when combined with GLP‑1 agonists. Pharmacological Mechanism: Activates amylin and calcitonin receptors to slow gastric emptying, centrally reduce hedonic food craving and blunt postprandial blood glucose spikes. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Common adverse events are mild delayed gastric emptying symptoms such as early satiety; isolated mild injection‑site erythema occurs after subcutaneous deliv

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    Cagri+Semaglutide
    Molecular Note: Fixed‑dose combination of two independent active ingredients without unified molecular formula Basic Property: CagriSema is a fixed‑ratio combination regimen of Cagrilintide and Semaglutide under phase‑3 evaluation for severe obesity. Structural Modification: Two separately modified acylated peptides retain their respective albumin‑binding half‑life advantages to match once‑weekly co‑injection scheduling. Dosage Forms: Combined subcutaneous injectable formulation for clinical trials; two separate raw powders for research compounding. Indications: Investigational indication for severe obesity unresponsive to single‑agent GLP‑1 treatment. Pharmacological Mechanism: Amylin‑pathway appetite suppression superimposes GLP‑1‑mediated metabolic regulation to cut total calorie intake more effectively than semaglutide monotherapy. Safety & Adverse Reactions: Gastrointestinal adverse events have slightly higher incidence than semaglutide alone; symptoms are manageable via slower do

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    Klow
    Molecular Note：Proprietary synthetic composite peptide raw material for skincare anti‑inflammatory research；undisclosed CAS for commercial confidentiality Basic Property：Specialized soothing peptide raw material for sensitive‑skin and post‑procedure repair formulation development. Structural Modification：Hydrophilic‑lipophilic balanced sequence design strengthens epidermal penetration and targeted inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Dosage Forms：Powder raw material for topical skincare products and 3D skin model cell experiments. Indications：Cosmetic research on relieving facial redness, calming post‑sun inflammation and repairing damaged skin barrier. Pharmacological Mechanism：Down‑regulates TNF‑α / IL‑6 secretion of keratinocytes and accelerates tight‑junction protein synthesis in epidermis. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Low skin irritation at recommended cosmetic dosage; high‑concentration patch testing may cause transient slight pruritus.

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    GLOW
    Molecular Note：Custom compound cosmetic peptide blend (proprietary formula mixture)；no single public CAS Basic Property：Compound brightening‑repair peptide mixture exclusively for skincare formulation R&D and preclinical efficacy testing. Structural Modification：Multi‑peptide synergistic ratio designed to combine antioxidant, melanin‑inhibiting and barrier‑repair effects. Dosage Forms：Compound powder stock for external essence and mask compounding only, not for injection. Indications：Cosmetic research on dull complexion improvement, post‑inflammatory pigment fading and uniform skin tone. Pharmacological Mechanism：Inhibits tyrosinase activity, scavenges epidermal free radicals and accelerates melanin metabolism and excretion. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Mild temporary dryness at initial use for sensitive skin; no systemic toxicity via percutaneous absorption.

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    NAD+
    Molecular Formula：CA21HA27NA7OA14PA2；CAS：53‑84‑9 Basic Property：Endogenous vital coenzyme for energy metabolism and DNA repair, solid powder for preclinical aging and metabolic research. Structural Modification：Diphosphate bridge connects nicotinamide moiety and adenosine moiety to realize reversible hydrogen transfer in redox reactions. Dosage Forms：Crystalline powder for cell medium addition, animal administration research and in‑vitro enzymatic reaction assays. Indications：Preclinical research on DNA damage repair, sirtuin activation, circadian rhythm regulation and anti‑aging metabolism. Pharmacological Mechanism：Participates in glycolysis / tricarboxylic acid cycle energy production; activates PARP and sirtuin families to repair damaged DNA and regulate gene expression. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Short‑term animal administration shows low toxicity; direct oral absorption efficiency is limited due to large molecular weight and low membrane permeability.

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    Glutathione
    Molecular Formula：CA10HA17NA3OA6S；CAS：70‑18‑8 Basic Property：Endogenous tripeptide master antioxidant, supplied as research‑grade powder for cosmetics, cell experiments and metabolic mechanism research. Structural Modification：Unique γ‑amide bond between glutamate and cysteine improves resistance to ordinary aminopeptidase hydrolysis. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized solid powder for oral research, external skincare formula and cell culture medium preparation.

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    SS-31
    Molecular Formula：CA32HA54NA16OA8S；CAS：736992‑21‑5 Basic Property：Mitochondria‑targeted cationic tetrapeptide for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction preclinical research. Structural Modification：Arginine‑rich sequence enables targeted enrichment on inner mitochondrial membrane without entering mitochondrial matrix. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal injection and cell oxidative damage rescue experiments. Indications：Preclinical research on myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury, renal aging and skin mitochondrial anti‑oxidation. Pharmacological Mechanism：Neutralizes reactive oxygen species on mitochondrial inner membrane, stabilizes cardiolipin structure and restores ATP synthesis efficiency. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Mild transient paresthesia at injection sites in animal studies; no irreversible organ injury recorded under research dosage gradient.

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    Matrixyl
    Molecular Formula：CA30HA52NA8OA7；CAS：147732‑56‑7 Basic Property：Palmitoylated GHK derivative classic anti‑aging cosmetic peptide, widely used in commercial skincare raw materials. Structural Modification：Palmitic acid lipophilic chain grafting enhances skin percutaneous penetration and prolongs residence time in dermis compared with native GHK. Dosage Forms：Powder / liquid stock solution for topical skincare product compounding and in‑vitro cell experiments. Indications：Cosmetic research on wrinkle fading, dermal collagen regeneration and loose skin firming. Pharmacological Mechanism：Stimulates fibroblasts to synthesize collagen Ⅰ/Ⅲ and hyaluronic acid, repairs aged extracellular matrix structure. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Excellent skin tolerance in normal dosage; extremely rare contact dermatitis for highly sensitive skin after patch testing.

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    Snap8
    Molecular Formula：CA42HA65NA11OA11；CAS：868844‑74‑0 Basic Property：Cosmetic synthetic octapeptide, topical anti‑wrinkle raw material for skincare formulation R&D. Structural Modification：Sequence‑optimized short peptide competitively inhibits SNAP‑25 protein to weaken excessive neuromuscular contraction. Dosage Forms：Powder raw material for essence, serum and mask external preparation; forbidden for unapproved injection use. Indications：Cosmetic research on dynamic fine lines around eyes, forehead wrinkles and expression‑related wrinkles improvement. Pharmacological Mechanism：Blocks SNARE complex assembly to reduce neurotransmitter release at neuromuscular junctions and relax facial expression muscles mildly. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Low irritation under cosmetic concentration; high‑concentration topical use may cause temporary facial muscle stiffness in sensitive populations.

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    Humanin
    Molecular Note：Endogenous polypeptide encoded by mitochondrial gene；CAS：proprietary research peptide Basic Property：Mitochondria‑derived protective peptide supplied as lyophilized powder for neurodegeneration and metabolic research. Structural Modification：Natural linear peptide structure with multiple positively charged residues, easy to cross cell membrane and blood‑brain barrier in animal trials. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for cell culture and animal injection experiments. Indications：Preclinical research on nerve injury protection, anti‑apoptosis of pancreatic islet cells and cardiovascular injury repair. Pharmacological Mechanism：Inhibits intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways, reduces oxidative damage of neurons and improves insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues. Safety & Adverse Reactions：No systemic organ toxicity at experimental doses; individual animals show temporary appetite fluctuation after continuous administration.

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    FOXO4-DRI
    Molecular Formula：CA228HA388NA86OA64；CAS：2460055‑10‑9 Basic Property：D‑retro‑inverso synthetic senolytic peptide for selective senescent cell clearance in longevity mechanism research. Structural Modification：All‑D‑amino‑acid reversed sequence greatly improves protease resistance; competitively binds p53 to block endogenous FOXO4‑p53 interaction. Dosage Forms：Sterile lyophilized powder for animal local injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on clearing senescent cells, relieving chronic sterile inflammation and delaying tissue aging. Pharmacological Mechanism：Induces mitochondrial translocation of p53 exclusively in senescent cells to trigger targeted apoptosis without damaging healthy cells. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Transient mild inflammatory response after high‑dose administration in animal models; human clinical safety data is insufficient at present.

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    Cerebrolysin
    Molecular Note：Hydrolyzed polypeptide mixture extracted from porcine brain protein, no single fixed molecular formula；CAS：9007‑92‑5 Basic Property：Complex low‑molecular‑weight peptide mixture for cerebral infarction, dementia and traumatic brain injury preclinical research. Structural Modification：Mixed oligopeptides and free amino acids can penetrate blood‑brain barrier synergistically. Dosage Forms：Ampoule liquid / lyophilized powder for animal intravenous injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on post‑stroke nerve repair, vascular dementia improvement and hypoxic brain injury recovery. Pharmacological Mechanism：Promotes neuron survival and axon regeneration, reduces excitotoxic damage after cerebral ischemia. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Rare hypersensitivity risk from animal‑derived ingredients; mild transient fever occasionally observed after high‑dose infusion.

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    Orexin B
    Molecular Formula：CA123HA212NA44OA35S；CAS：205640‑91‑1 Basic Property：28‑amino‑acid endogenous neuropeptide preferentially binding OX2 receptor, research reagent for sleep disorder and metabolic research. Structural Modification：Amidated C‑terminal methionine enhances receptor affinity compared with Orexin A. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized recombinant powder for animal central injection and cell receptor binding experiments. Indications：Preclinical research on obesity‑related appetite regulation, narcolepsy typing study and circadian rhythm control. Pharmacological Mechanism：Selectively activates OX2 receptor to regulate muscle energy consumption and stabilize sleep architecture. Safety & Adverse Reactions：No obvious systemic toxicity at experimental doses; high concentration may induce temporary hyperactivity in animal subjects.

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    Orexin A
    Molecular Note：Endogenous linear neuropeptide with two intramolecular disulfide bonds；CAS：proprietary recombinant peptide Basic Property：Hypothalamic secreted polypeptide for wakefulness regulation and appetite control preclinical mechanism research. Structural Modification：Two pairs of disulfide bonds stabilize tertiary structure and prolong half‑life in cerebrospinal fluid. Dosage Forms：Recombinant lyophilized powder for intracerebroventricular injection animal trials only. Indications：Preclinical research on narcolepsy intervention, sleep‑wake cycle adjustment and energy metabolism regulation. Pharmacological Mechanism：Activates OX1 receptor on arousal‑related neurons to maintain daytime wakefulness and modulate feeding behavior. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Local mild inflammatory response after brain administration; peripheral injection has weak central efficacy due to BBB barrier effect.

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    Oxytocin
    Molecular Formula：CA43HA66NA12OA12SA2；CAS：50‑56‑6 Basic Property：Endogenous cyclic nonapeptide hormone synthesized in hypothalamus, available as research‑grade powder for reproductive and social behavior research. Structural Modification：Intramolecular disulfide bond between two cysteine residues maintains cyclic conformation required for receptor binding. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal intravenous / intranasal administration experiments. Indications：Preclinical research on parturition assistance, lactation regulation, social anxiety relief and emotional bonding mechanism. Pharmacological Mechanism：Activates oxytocin receptors on target organs to contract uterine smooth muscle; regulates limbic system neurotransmitters to improve social interaction willingness. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Excessive dosage may cause transient hypotension in animal models; intranasal long‑term central effect remains controversial in academia.

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    Pinealon
    Molecular Formula：CA15HA26NA6OA8；CAS：proprietary synthetic tripeptide Basic Property：Short synthetic tripeptide developed for anti‑aging and neuroprotection mechanism research, supplied as lyophilized powder. Structural Modification：Small‑molecule linear structure enables rapid transmembrane transport and low renal clearance rate. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal injection and nerve cell oxidative damage rescue assays. Indications：Preclinical research on brain aging delay, neuron anti‑apoptosis and cognitive decline mitigation. Pharmacological Mechanism：Scavenges intracellular cerebral reactive oxygen species, stabilizes mitochondrial function and reduces inflammatory injury of nerve cells. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Low acute toxicity in short‑term animal tests; commercial proprietary sequence without abundant human clinical data.

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    Dihexa
    Molecular Formula：CA27HA44NA4OA5；CAS：1401708‑83‑5 Basic Property：Lipophilic small‑molecule peptide analogue of angiotensin IV, orally bioavailable reagent for neurodegeneration and synaptic regeneration research. Structural Modification：Hexanoyl lipophilic chain modification greatly improves oral absorption and blood‑brain barrier crossing capacity. Dosage Forms：Solid powder for oral gavage and local injection animal experiments only. Indications：Preclinical research on Alzheimer’s intervention, memory restoration and new synapse formation. Pharmacological Mechanism：High‑affinity binding to HGF/c‑Met receptor activates PI3K/Akt pathway to induce neuronal dendrite growth and synaptic connection establishment. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Mild gastrointestinal discomfort at high oral doses; no systemic organ toxicity under conventional research concentration.

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    Semax
    Molecular Formula：CA39HA54NA10OA10S；CAS：80714‑61‑0 Basic Property：Synthetic modified fragment of ACTH (4‑7), neuroprotective heptapeptide for cerebral injury and cognitive recovery preclinical research. Structural Modification：Terminal Pro‑Gly‑Pro modification enhances plasma stability and BBB penetration efficiency. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal intranasal delivery and post‑ischemia intervention experiments. Indications：Preclinical research on stroke recovery, brain ischemia protection, attention enhancement and nerve plasticity regulation. Pharmacological Mechanism：Promotes neurotrophic factor secretion, reduces cerebral oxidative damage and accelerates synaptic reconstruction after nerve injury. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Rare temporary dizziness in high‑dose animal groups; human long‑term repeated administration safety is unconfirmed.

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    Selank
    Molecular Formula：CA33HA57NA11OA9；CAS：129954‑34‑3 Basic Property：Synthetic heptapeptide derived from tuftsin fragment, research‑grade lyophilized powder for anti‑anxiety and cognitive regulation experiments. Structural Modification：C‑terminal Pro‑Gly‑Pro segment improves protease resistance and prolongs action time compared with native tuftsin. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal intranasal administration / subcutaneous injection research only. Indications：Preclinical research on anxiety relief, mood stabilization, memory improvement and immune‑neuroendocrine coordination. Pharmacological Mechanism：Modulates GABA and monoamine neurotransmitter balance, up‑regulates BDNF expression and inhibits endogenous neuropeptide degrading enzymes. Safety & Adverse Reactions：Transient mild nasal dryness after intranasal use in animal trials; no permanent neurological injury observed under standard experimental dosage.

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    DSIP
    Molecular Formula：CA35HA48NA10OA15；CAS：62568‑57‑4 Basic Property：Natural synthetic nonapeptide extracted from animal cerebral venous blood, supplied as lyophilized white powder for sleep rhythm and neuroendocrine preclinical research. Structural Modification：Linear nine‑amino‑acid sequence can cross the blood‑brain barrier stably without rapid enzymatic degradation in blood circulation. Dosage Forms：Lyophilized powder for animal subcutaneous injection and cell incubation experiments only. Indications：Preclinical research on deep‑sleep improvement, stress hormone regulation, analgesia and insomnia intervention. Pharmacological Mechanism：Promotes delta‑wave deep sleep, normalizes cortisol and ACTH secretion, activates GABA‑related signaling pathways to relieve stress response. Safety & Adverse Reactions：No obvious sedative hangover effect at research doses; occasional mild local redness at injection sites; long‑term human clinical data remains insufficient.

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